EPS@ISEP | The European Project Semester (EPS) at ISEP

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report [2013/06/21 19:19] – [3.7. Market Mix] team1report [2013/06/22 19:49] (current) – team1
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 We expect that the Solar Dryer will fulfill the clients needs which are drying algae with the use of solar power. We expect it to dry the algae to less then 10 % humidity in 24 hours. We also expect our algae-dryer to be one of the most energy efficient in the market. We expect that the Solar Dryer will fulfill the clients needs which are drying algae with the use of solar power. We expect it to dry the algae to less then 10 % humidity in 24 hours. We also expect our algae-dryer to be one of the most energy efficient in the market.
    
-==== 1.6. Work plan  ====+==== 1.6. Product planning  ====
 Regarding the work plan we divided our task into three modules. The general milestones together with a start and end date for every task are located in the Gantt chart shown in Figure 2. Furthermore, we allocated each task to the team members, which is represented in the task allocation shown in Table 2. Finally, every task is specified and defined in weekly sprints as you can see in figure 1. This planning can be better observed in the Gantt chart below in Figure 2.  Regarding the work plan we divided our task into three modules. The general milestones together with a start and end date for every task are located in the Gantt chart shown in Figure 2. Furthermore, we allocated each task to the team members, which is represented in the task allocation shown in Table 2. Finally, every task is specified and defined in weekly sprints as you can see in figure 1. This planning can be better observed in the Gantt chart below in Figure 2. 
  
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 Marketing is the process of identifying customer’s requirements in order to adjust and develop the organisations strategy successfully. Therefore we did a market analysis which shows that our main target market is placed in Europe and America. The demand for a solution such as the solar dryer exists. Comparable solutions is not available and most of the existing solutions are inflexible and without a variety of functions. A suitable segmentation as well as strategy are the reasonable basis to implement defined objectives. To enter the European market our product needs to be adjusted to future needs. To achieve this we are going to sell our product to universities first. Through an appropriate collaboration it is our aim to create a solar dryer which is adjusted to future requirements such as large function variety, easy to establish, meet the customer’s sustainable approach, runs only on solar energy, and has less energy consumption. With a continuous enhancement we believe that we can meet the long-term requirements of the energy market. In order to react on upcoming questions directly we want to sell our product in a direct distribution in this case via Business to Business. This way of distribution (direct) gives the opportunity to control the whole process including the face-to-face contact which is really important because our solar dryer is still a specialized product.  Marketing is the process of identifying customer’s requirements in order to adjust and develop the organisations strategy successfully. Therefore we did a market analysis which shows that our main target market is placed in Europe and America. The demand for a solution such as the solar dryer exists. Comparable solutions is not available and most of the existing solutions are inflexible and without a variety of functions. A suitable segmentation as well as strategy are the reasonable basis to implement defined objectives. To enter the European market our product needs to be adjusted to future needs. To achieve this we are going to sell our product to universities first. Through an appropriate collaboration it is our aim to create a solar dryer which is adjusted to future requirements such as large function variety, easy to establish, meet the customer’s sustainable approach, runs only on solar energy, and has less energy consumption. With a continuous enhancement we believe that we can meet the long-term requirements of the energy market. In order to react on upcoming questions directly we want to sell our product in a direct distribution in this case via Business to Business. This way of distribution (direct) gives the opportunity to control the whole process including the face-to-face contact which is really important because our solar dryer is still a specialized product. 
 +
 With the usage of an customer oriented service such as Customer Care and an on-going product development we will gain the needed know how as well as customer loyalty to launch our product. All in all we will develop a solar dryer with low energy consumption to replace current systems, adapted functions for specific requirements, and specialized service.  With the usage of an customer oriented service such as Customer Care and an on-going product development we will gain the needed know how as well as customer loyalty to launch our product. All in all we will develop a solar dryer with low energy consumption to replace current systems, adapted functions for specific requirements, and specialized service. 
 ===== 4. Sustainability &  Eco-efficiency ===== ===== 4. Sustainability &  Eco-efficiency =====
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 {{:bez_tytulu.jpg|}} {{:bez_tytulu.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 12.  Process of biodiesel receiving [28]+Figure 13.  Process of biodiesel receiving [28]
  
 Observing the presented diagram, we may also notice that any side products or leftovers of the process can be reused or recovered. This proves the eco–friendliness of algae cultivation. There are also numerous other microalgae sustainable properties. For instance, they are able to grow almost everywhere. What is more, different specious can easily adapt to the diversity of environmental conditions. Thanks to that they are very competitive to other energy crops used to produce bio fuels (rapeseed, corn, soybeans). Their competitiveness justifies also the fact that one can return 10 to 100 more fuels and use from 49 up to 132 times less land area growing algae comparing to already mentioned crops. The table below (Table…) presents the lipid content and productivity of microalgae in comparison to other energy corps. It is clearly visible that microalgae have a great ascendance as far as oil content and biodiesel productivity are concerned, having the lowest area consumption at the same time. Observing the presented diagram, we may also notice that any side products or leftovers of the process can be reused or recovered. This proves the eco–friendliness of algae cultivation. There are also numerous other microalgae sustainable properties. For instance, they are able to grow almost everywhere. What is more, different specious can easily adapt to the diversity of environmental conditions. Thanks to that they are very competitive to other energy crops used to produce bio fuels (rapeseed, corn, soybeans). Their competitiveness justifies also the fact that one can return 10 to 100 more fuels and use from 49 up to 132 times less land area growing algae comparing to already mentioned crops. The table below (Table…) presents the lipid content and productivity of microalgae in comparison to other energy corps. It is clearly visible that microalgae have a great ascendance as far as oil content and biodiesel productivity are concerned, having the lowest area consumption at the same time.
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 {{:images.jpg|}} {{:images.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 13. Biodiesel development cycle [28]+Figure 14. Biodiesel development cycle [28]
  
 ==== 4.3. Sustainability ====  ==== 4.3. Sustainability ==== 
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 === 4.4.2. A reduction in the energy intensity of goods or services === === 4.4.2. A reduction in the energy intensity of goods or services ===
  
-As for energy, our project implies creating solar algae dryer. Due to that all the appliances that need energy to operate (fans, ultrasound water level controller, temperature sensor, diodes, micro controller and step motor) are run by the solar power caught by solar panel placed on top of the tank. The placement of the solar panel is shown in the Figure 14.+As for energy, our project implies creating solar algae dryer. Due to that all the appliances that need energy to operate (fans, ultrasound water level controller, temperature sensor, diodes, micro controller and step motor) are run by the solar power caught by solar panel placed on top of the tank. The placement of the solar panel is shown in the Figure 15.
  
 {{:algae_dryer.jpg|}} {{:algae_dryer.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 14. Placement of solar panel+Figure 15. Placement of solar panel
  
-15 W solar panel used in the prototype is 15 W powers the 12 V battery, which eventually runs the whole system. The concerns accompanying use of renewable source of energy is presented in proceeding subchapter. +15 W solar panel aimed to be used in the prototype was 15 W powering the 12 V battery, which eventually would run the whole system. The concerns accompanying use of renewable source of energy is presented in proceeding subchapter. 
  
-When referring to energy, one cannot omit the battery used in our device. As far as prototype is concerned, the 12 V sealed lead acid battery is installed (shown in Figure 15). As this one was offered by ISEP, no other options (in prototype) has been considered.+When referring to energy, one cannot omit the battery used in our device. As far as prototype is concerned, the 12 V sealed lead acid battery was supposed to be installed. As this one was offered by ISEP, no other options (in prototype) have been considered.
  
-{{:battery.jpg?200|}}+Taking into account the sustainability issues, various parts of the lead acid batteries can be fully recycled. More detailed description is given in following part of this chapter. Moreover, lead acid batteries are used for off-grid systems, hence they are important components of the systems based on renewable sources of energy. On the other hand, the materials used in batteries structure are lead and sulphuric acid, which are hazardous substances and require extremely safe handling [34]. There is no harm for the environment when using this kind of batteries as long as they are wisely disposed.
  
-Figure 15. The battery used in the project+Nevertheless, our product eventually is run by 9 V alkaline battery, shown in Figure 16. This choice was good as far as running the system is concerned, but unfortunately not concerning sustainability. The battery we decided to use is not rechargeable, but since we do not know what would be its operation performance, it is hard to judge whether the solution is sensible or would require frequent battery replacing. 
  
-Taking into account the sustainability issues, various parts of the lead acid batteries can be fully recycled. More detailed description is given in following part of this chapter. Moreover, lead acid batteries are used for off-grid systems, hence they are important components of the systems based on renewable sources of energy. On the other hand, the materials used in batteries structure are lead and sulphuric acid, which are hazardous substances and require extremely safe handling [34]. There is no harm for the environment when using this kind of batteries as long as they are wisely disposed.+{{:5.jpg?200|}} 
 + 
 +Figure 16. Battery used in the product
  
 When considering a large scale product probably the best option would be to choose already mentioned Li–ion power storage. These are less environmentally harmful, as they do not contain hazardous elements as lead acid do. Moreover, they have high energy density, so the measure of how much energy the battery can hold in comparison to given lead acid, which can be seen on the chart below (Figure 16). When considering a large scale product probably the best option would be to choose already mentioned Li–ion power storage. These are less environmentally harmful, as they do not contain hazardous elements as lead acid do. Moreover, they have high energy density, so the measure of how much energy the battery can hold in comparison to given lead acid, which can be seen on the chart below (Figure 16).
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 {{:partone-5a-2.gif|}} {{:partone-5a-2.gif|}}
  
-Figure 16. Energy density performance of batteries [13]+Figure 17. Energy density performance of batteries [13]
  
 In addition, Li–ion recycling technology is now developing, so they seem as a proper future solution. On contrary, one of the obvious disadvantages of Li–ion batteries on the other hand, is the high production costs, which contributes to high price. In addition, Li–ion recycling technology is now developing, so they seem as a proper future solution. On contrary, one of the obvious disadvantages of Li–ion batteries on the other hand, is the high production costs, which contributes to high price.
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 Trying to attain real sustainable attitude towards the creation of our product, we took care of its recyclability or at least reusability of parts. The recyclability criteria may refer to solar panel, plexiglass, from which the tank is made and battery.  Trying to attain real sustainable attitude towards the creation of our product, we took care of its recyclability or at least reusability of parts. The recyclability criteria may refer to solar panel, plexiglass, from which the tank is made and battery. 
  
-Recycling of lead acid battery involves recycling of its parts. For instance, the sulfuric acid is purified and recycled. In addition, the lead plates can be melted, refined, and then recycled. The plastic case is shredded and recycled [35]. According to Battery University over 50% of the lead acid battery supply comes from recycled products. Mentioning Li-ion batteries (possibility for the future), Figure 17 shows simplified recycling process of such batteries using their own Umicore technology. +Recycling of lead acid battery involves recycling of its parts. For instance, the sulfuric acid is purified and recycled. In addition, the lead plates can be melted, refined, and then recycled. The plastic case is shredded and recycled [35]. According to Battery University over 50% of the lead acid battery supply comes from recycled products. 
 + 
 +Concerning the recyclability of the battery we decided to use eventually, they are usually not recycled. Unfortunately, even when they are a subject of recycling, the process consumes a great amount of energy and is very expensive.  
 + 
 +Mentioning Li-ion batteries (possibility for the future), Figure 18 shows simplified recycling process of such batteries using their own Umicore technology. 
  
 {{:closedloop_graphic.jpg|}} {{:closedloop_graphic.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 17. Recycling of Li - ion batteries [36]+Figure 18. Recycling of Li - ion batteries [36]
  
 Allegedly, the process does not include production of any kind of poisonous waste. Allegedly, the process does not include production of any kind of poisonous waste.
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 === 4.4.5. Maximum use of renewable sources === === 4.4.5. Maximum use of renewable sources ===
  
-As already mentioned the idea of our product implies usage of solar power. 15 W solar panel is installed to run the prototype. Considering the replicated product, we believe all the electrical appliances would require more power, hence the bigger solar panel should be used. Then the question arises, is it more sustainable to run the device on the solar power or simply connecting it to the casual electricity grid. In order to answer this question many aspects must be considered. Firstly, we would have to consider production of the solar panel itself. According to the survey run by Sherrell R. Greene, Vice President for Consulting Services at EnergX posted at his blog [37], we may notice that CO2 emission from solar electricity generation is not significantly lower than natural gas, coal or oil resources. The results of the survey are presented in the graph below (Figure 18).+As already mentioned the idea of our product implies usage of solar power. 15 W solar panel is installed to run the prototype. Considering the replicated product, we believe all the electrical appliances would require more power, hence the bigger solar panel should be used. Then the question arises, is it more sustainable to run the device on the solar power or simply connecting it to the casual electricity grid. In order to answer this question many aspects must be considered. Firstly, we would have to consider production of the solar panel itself. According to the survey run by Sherrell R. Greene, Vice President for Consulting Services at EnergX posted at his blog [37], we may notice that CO2 emission from solar electricity generation is not significantly lower than natural gas, coal or oil resources. The results of the survey are presented in the graph below (Figure 19).
  
 {{:slide1.jpg|}} {{:slide1.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 18. Graph presenting emission of CO2 from electricity [37]+Figure 19. Emission of CO2 from electricity  [37]
  
 These results would force us to check what kind of electricity generation the potential customer uses. Taking into account the fact that the potential customer would be universities in Europe running tests on algae oil production, we may assume that it is possible that they would use renewable sources of energy to create electricity. If not, it is also possible that energy consumed by the device would not significantly affect the power consumption of a certain university lab. It is also wise to mention that any kind of electricity generation it is, the equipment installed would require so little energy that it would not be significant for university grid usage. What is more, 15 W solar panel would not support the devices fully. Thus, more powerful solar panel would be needed. As our projects aim was to use solar power, we decided to minimize the number or fans to one in order to reduce power consumption.  These results would force us to check what kind of electricity generation the potential customer uses. Taking into account the fact that the potential customer would be universities in Europe running tests on algae oil production, we may assume that it is possible that they would use renewable sources of energy to create electricity. If not, it is also possible that energy consumed by the device would not significantly affect the power consumption of a certain university lab. It is also wise to mention that any kind of electricity generation it is, the equipment installed would require so little energy that it would not be significant for university grid usage. What is more, 15 W solar panel would not support the devices fully. Thus, more powerful solar panel would be needed. As our projects aim was to use solar power, we decided to minimize the number or fans to one in order to reduce power consumption. 
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 According to World Business Council for Sustainable Development this concept means adapting to the real customer’s needs and incorporating additional features to the product. Thanks to that those needs may be fulfilled within one product, spending fewer materials and resources. We would like to work on incorporating water recovery, automated algae removal and enhanced algae charging and attraction system into our product produced on the large scale [33]. According to World Business Council for Sustainable Development this concept means adapting to the real customer’s needs and incorporating additional features to the product. Thanks to that those needs may be fulfilled within one product, spending fewer materials and resources. We would like to work on incorporating water recovery, automated algae removal and enhanced algae charging and attraction system into our product produced on the large scale [33].
- 
 ==== 4.5. Life – cycle analysis ==== ==== 4.5. Life – cycle analysis ====
  
-Life – cycle analysis or assessment, presented in Figure 19 is an extremely helpful tool while trying to measure the real impact of our product on the environment. +Life – cycle analysis or assessment, presented in Figure 20 is an extremely helpful tool while trying to measure the real impact of our product on the environment. 
  
 {{:lca_graphic_for_web.jpg|}} {{:lca_graphic_for_web.jpg|}}
  
-Figure  19. The process of life – cycle [38]+Figure  20. The process of life – cycle [38]
  
 Such assesment consists of several steps. The first one is the analysis of the raw material extraction. Then, focus may be put on processing the materials. The next stage of life–cycle consideration is manufacturing of needed parts. Afterwards, we reach the assembling process. The two steps left are the product usage and its life end. Taking into account the device we are creating, our position is at the assembly process. We are buying already existing parts and elements to build solar algae dryer. Materials needed to produce our distiller are as following: Poly(methyl methacrylate) also known as plexiglass, mirror serving as reflector, devices: ultrasound water level controller, water proof temperature level sensor, fans, solar panel, 12 V lead acid battery, micro controller and step motor controlling blinds. The remainings are parts needed to assemble the whole structure like: glue, pipes, valves, etc. Such assesment consists of several steps. The first one is the analysis of the raw material extraction. Then, focus may be put on processing the materials. The next stage of life–cycle consideration is manufacturing of needed parts. Afterwards, we reach the assembling process. The two steps left are the product usage and its life end. Taking into account the device we are creating, our position is at the assembly process. We are buying already existing parts and elements to build solar algae dryer. Materials needed to produce our distiller are as following: Poly(methyl methacrylate) also known as plexiglass, mirror serving as reflector, devices: ultrasound water level controller, water proof temperature level sensor, fans, solar panel, 12 V lead acid battery, micro controller and step motor controlling blinds. The remainings are parts needed to assemble the whole structure like: glue, pipes, valves, etc.
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 As far as life – cycle analysis is concerned we would mainly focus on the stages starting from assembly process. Yet, we will show the previous steps for plexiglass.  As far as life – cycle analysis is concerned we would mainly focus on the stages starting from assembly process. Yet, we will show the previous steps for plexiglass. 
  
-PMMA, also known as plexiglass can be seen in the Figure 20 below.  +PMMA, also known as plexiglass can be seen in the Figure 21 below.  
  
 {{:solid_polycarbonate_sheet.jpg|}} {{:solid_polycarbonate_sheet.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 20. Plexiglass [50]+Figure 21. Plexiglass [50]
  
 Raw material for plexiglass prodution is polymer of methyl methacrylate that can be developed in laboratory and does not need the presence of any endangered natural resources. Moreover, part of its production right now is created from recycled plexiglass. The processing of the material requires its heating up, but no harmful air emissions were noted during this process. Afterwards, the material can be either molded or extruded, which again does not cause pollution. Coming to assembly process, PMMA must be first cut. This proceeding is usually done by usage of laser. Unfortunately, some amount of CO2 is released during this process. The glue used to join the parts together is Cyanoacrylate, the substance that may irritate sensitive membranes of human body. Hence, its use must be controlled and performed in well ventilated areas. Nevertheless, this product makes no environmental harm. In the end of its life, plexiglass may be and is commonly recycled [39] [40]. Raw material for plexiglass prodution is polymer of methyl methacrylate that can be developed in laboratory and does not need the presence of any endangered natural resources. Moreover, part of its production right now is created from recycled plexiglass. The processing of the material requires its heating up, but no harmful air emissions were noted during this process. Afterwards, the material can be either molded or extruded, which again does not cause pollution. Coming to assembly process, PMMA must be first cut. This proceeding is usually done by usage of laser. Unfortunately, some amount of CO2 is released during this process. The glue used to join the parts together is Cyanoacrylate, the substance that may irritate sensitive membranes of human body. Hence, its use must be controlled and performed in well ventilated areas. Nevertheless, this product makes no environmental harm. In the end of its life, plexiglass may be and is commonly recycled [39] [40].
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 {{:figure_1.jpg?300|}} {{:figure_1.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure 21. Different kinds of laws [51]+Figure 22. Different kinds of laws [51]
  
 ==== 52. Ethics and deontology in Engeneering === ==== 52. Ethics and deontology in Engeneering ===
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 In the first week of EPS we received a list with all the possible topics. We sat together as a team and talked about all the different topics on the list, and about each other’s fields of study. We were all interested in solar energy, so we chose the solar refrigerator. The contrast between warmth, the solar power, and coldness, the refrigerator, was appealing to us. In the first week of EPS we received a list with all the possible topics. We sat together as a team and talked about all the different topics on the list, and about each other’s fields of study. We were all interested in solar energy, so we chose the solar refrigerator. The contrast between warmth, the solar power, and coldness, the refrigerator, was appealing to us.
 +
 During the first meeting with the supervisors, we were told that the budget for the solar powered refrigerator was no longer available. So, we opt for the solar dryer since the solar power was also appealing to us.  During the first meeting with the supervisors, we were told that the budget for the solar powered refrigerator was no longer available. So, we opt for the solar dryer since the solar power was also appealing to us. 
  
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 Then we started to discuss specifications. For example, the budget, the capacity it had to have, the conditions it should work in, functions it should have and other requirements. Then we started to discuss specifications. For example, the budget, the capacity it had to have, the conditions it should work in, functions it should have and other requirements.
 +
 When that was clear, we started to look for different kinds of drying methods. After brainstorming we came up with several kinds of methods and decided there were three worth looking into on a more profound level. They were the hydro cyclone, distilling and filtering. We analysed them thoroughly and discussed our findings with the supervisors in a meeting. There, we decided that distilling was the best method for the dryer, because the problem with filtering – the saturation of the membrane – was too hard to solve, and powering a hydro cyclone with a solar panel was also a big issue. When that was clear, we started to look for different kinds of drying methods. After brainstorming we came up with several kinds of methods and decided there were three worth looking into on a more profound level. They were the hydro cyclone, distilling and filtering. We analysed them thoroughly and discussed our findings with the supervisors in a meeting. There, we decided that distilling was the best method for the dryer, because the problem with filtering – the saturation of the membrane – was too hard to solve, and powering a hydro cyclone with a solar panel was also a big issue.
  
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 When the ordered materials arrived, we started assembling the Plexiglas, the sensors, the blinds, the stepper motor that controls the blinds and all the other parts.  When the ordered materials arrived, we started assembling the Plexiglas, the sensors, the blinds, the stepper motor that controls the blinds and all the other parts. 
 +
 In the end the dryer was finished and the electronic parts were programmed.  In the end the dryer was finished and the electronic parts were programmed. 
  
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 {{::boxworld_updated.jpg?300|}} {{::boxworld_updated.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure 22. Boxworld+Figure 23. Boxworld
  
-Figure 23 and 24 shows the dimension and shape of the tank.+Figure 24 and 25 shows the dimension and shape of the tank.
  
 {{:dimensions1.jpg?300|}} {{:dimensions1.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure 23. Tank dimensions+Figure 24. Tank dimensions
  
 {{:1.png?300|}} {{:1.png?300|}}
  
-Figure 24. 3D drawing of tank+Figure 25. 3D drawing of tank
  
 The tank is the ”main” part of our project. It is where we have our solution and it is where the process takes place. We developed our project starting with the tank. After the tank we thought about what parts we have to use for controlling the process, these are the level sensor and temperature sensor. These are connected to the control box (micro-controller), which receives information from the controllers in order to control the cooling down and stopping processes, which are operated by the step motor and the blinds. We also have the solar panel to recharge the battery and the battery distributes energy for all the components. Another important part of our product are the fans inside that help to speed up the evaporation process. There are two different containers, one for the algae solution and one for the evaporated water. This means that we collect all the water and don’t let any of it be wasted. The tank is the ”main” part of our project. It is where we have our solution and it is where the process takes place. We developed our project starting with the tank. After the tank we thought about what parts we have to use for controlling the process, these are the level sensor and temperature sensor. These are connected to the control box (micro-controller), which receives information from the controllers in order to control the cooling down and stopping processes, which are operated by the step motor and the blinds. We also have the solar panel to recharge the battery and the battery distributes energy for all the components. Another important part of our product are the fans inside that help to speed up the evaporation process. There are two different containers, one for the algae solution and one for the evaporated water. This means that we collect all the water and don’t let any of it be wasted.
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 The solar algae dryer is based on the plexiglass tank and it consists of different kinds of mechanical and electronic parts and modules. In this chapter we describe these different modules and how they work independently and as a part of the system. The solar algae dryer is based on the plexiglass tank and it consists of different kinds of mechanical and electronic parts and modules. In this chapter we describe these different modules and how they work independently and as a part of the system.
-Our system consists of three different modules. The drying process block, the controlling block and the power supply block. Figure 25 shows the different modules of the system.+Our system consists of three different modules. The drying process block, the controlling block and the power supply block. Figure 26 shows the different modules of the system.
  
 {{::picture_25_updated.jpg?300|}} {{::picture_25_updated.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure 25. System modules+Figure 26. System modules
  
 The drying process takes place in the plexiglass tank. This is where we put our solution, and the evaporation process takes place. We designed and assembled the tank by our own and it is made out of plexi because of the need to be transparent, waterproof, easy to assemble, environmental friendly and cheap. The drying process takes place in the plexiglass tank. This is where we put our solution, and the evaporation process takes place. We designed and assembled the tank by our own and it is made out of plexi because of the need to be transparent, waterproof, easy to assemble, environmental friendly and cheap.
 +
 During the process the evaporated water will rise to the roof of the tank and slide down to the water tank. This way we will recover all the water used in the process. The concentrated algae solution will remain in the major tank and be transported to an algae container when the process is ready. During the process the evaporated water will rise to the roof of the tank and slide down to the water tank. This way we will recover all the water used in the process. The concentrated algae solution will remain in the major tank and be transported to an algae container when the process is ready.
 +
 The second block is the controlling block, this module helps us control the process. Here we have the micro-controller as our major part of the controlling system. For the micro controller we are using an Arduino Uno ATmega328. All parts in the controlling block are connected to the micro-controller, and the micro-controller is communicating and controlling all the other parts. The second block is the controlling block, this module helps us control the process. Here we have the micro-controller as our major part of the controlling system. For the micro controller we are using an Arduino Uno ATmega328. All parts in the controlling block are connected to the micro-controller, and the micro-controller is communicating and controlling all the other parts.
 +
 First we have a waterproof temperature sensor model DS18B20 for measuring the temperature of the water-algae solution. This is needed due to the fact that the water temperature can’t rise over 50°C because it would harm the algae. The temperature controller is connected to our micro-controller and gives a signal if the temperature rises over 50°C. First we have a waterproof temperature sensor model DS18B20 for measuring the temperature of the water-algae solution. This is needed due to the fact that the water temperature can’t rise over 50°C because it would harm the algae. The temperature controller is connected to our micro-controller and gives a signal if the temperature rises over 50°C.
  
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 {{:flowchart_solar_dryer.jpg?300|}} {{:flowchart_solar_dryer.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure 26. Flowchart+Figure 27. Flowchart
  
 === 6.4.2. Electrical chart === === 6.4.2. Electrical chart ===
  
-Figure 27 presents the electrical chart. The presented chart gives an overview of how to connect all the electrical appliances to Arduino Uno board. Some of them require additional parts to be added. For instance, stepper motor can only be operated with the use of Darlington Array. There is also transistor connected to the fan and resistors joined with LEDs and temperature sensor. +Figure 28 presents the electrical chart. The presented chart gives an overview of how to connect all the electrical appliances to Arduino Uno board. As it is an example, the pins on the scheme are not the same in the real connection. 
  
-{{::ele1.jpg?300|}}+{{:ele1-new.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure 27. Electrical chart+Figure 28. Electrical chart
  
-The scheme presented above is what we planned to create in the end of the project. Since we did not manage to gather all the needed parts on time (solar panel and fan), our final electrical circuit consists of Arduino Uno board, LEDs, level sensor, temperature sensor and needed resistors. Because of the fact that we did not manage to obtain a power supply, we could not connect it to the battery to run the system. Hence, for the prototype usage, our system is run by laptop computer powerful enough to support the circuit with 5 V.  The illustration below, figure ... displays working operation system of solar algae dryer. +Some of the mentioned electrical appliances require additional parts to be added. For instance, stepper motor can only be operated with the use of Darlington Array. There is also transistor connected to the fan and resistors joined with LEDs and temperature sensor. The scheme presented on the following page is what we planned to create in the end of the project. Since we did not manage to gather all the needed parts on time (solar panel and fan), our final electrical circuit consists of Arduino Uno board, LEDs, level sensor, temperature sensor, needed resistors, 9 V battery and switch. Because of the fact that we did not manage to obtain a power supply, we could not connect it to the battery to previously planned 12 V battery. We decided to run the system with 9 V battery directly connected to Arduino instead. The illustration below, Figure 29. displays working operation system of solar algae dryer. 
  
 {{::1.jpg?300|}} {{::1.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure ... Connected electrical circuit+Figure 29. Connected electrical circuit
  
-On the other hand, we managed to run the stepper motor and we conducted a test to check whether our idea of moving the blinds with it is suitable or not. The figure ... below shows the possible stepper motor localization for blinds operation. +On the other hand, we managed to run the stepper motor and we conducted a test to check whether our idea of moving the blinds with it is suitable or not. The Figure 30. below shows the possible stepper motor localization for blinds operation. 
  
 {{::2.jpg?300|}} {{::2.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure ... Stepper motor location+Figure 30. Stepper motor location
  
-The following figure ... presents the connection of stepper motor to the Arduino board. +The following Figure 31. presents the connection of stepper motor to the Arduino board. 
  
 {{::3.jpg?300|}} {{::3.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure .... Stepper motor connection+Figure 31. Stepper motor connection
  
-What we learned was that Y129 Astrosyn motor devoted to operate on 12 V is still moving on 5V only. Yet, this much was not powerful enough to move the blinds when motor was bonded with them. In order to connect stepper motor to 12 V, however, we needed additional power regulating circuit shown in the figure .... Operating on 12 V stepper motor was strong enough to turn the blinds. As already mentioned our project misses power supply and due to that we decided to omit stepper motor in our system as 5 V supply will not contribute to expected result. +What we learned was that Y129 Astrosyn motor devoted to operate on 12 V is still moving on 5V only. Yet, this much was not powerful enough to move the blinds when motor was bonded with them. In order to connect stepper motor to 12 V, however, we needed additional power regulating circuit shown in the Figure 32. Operating on 12 V stepper motor was strong enough to turn the blinds. As already mentioned our project misses power supply and due to that we decided to omit stepper motor in our system as 5 V supply will not contribute to expected result. 
  
 {{::4.jpg?300|}} {{::4.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure Power regulating system+Figure 32. Power regulating system
  
 === 6.4.3. Programming part === === 6.4.3. Programming part ===
  
-The following figures (28,29) show exemplary parts of program written for Arduino Uno board taking care of running all the electrical appliances. The programs for separate devices were based on sample programs for these special kinds of equipment available online [43]. +The following figures (33,34) show exemplary parts of program written for Arduino Uno board taking care of running all the electrical appliances. The programs for separate devices were based on sample programs for these special kinds of equipment available online [43]. 
  
 {{:levelsensorcode.jpg|}} {{:levelsensorcode.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 28. Ultra sonic range finder program+Figure 33. Ultra sonic range finder program
  
 The sample program for level sensor used in our project is presented above. The program assigns some Arduino pins to device inputs or outputs. The presented code enables giving out signals by level sensor and calculates the distance from the pulse time value. Afterwards it returns the calculated value.  The sample program for level sensor used in our project is presented above. The program assigns some Arduino pins to device inputs or outputs. The presented code enables giving out signals by level sensor and calculates the distance from the pulse time value. Afterwards it returns the calculated value. 
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 {{:tempsesorcode.jpg?300|}} {{:tempsesorcode.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure 29. Temperature sensor program [54].+Figure 34. Temperature sensor program [54].
  
 This code requires special Arduino Library called OneWire. The mechanism of operation is based on MSB and LSB, so most significant and least significant byte. Temperature sensor is able to read current value of the temperature and returns it to the mother program.  This code requires special Arduino Library called OneWire. The mechanism of operation is based on MSB and LSB, so most significant and least significant byte. Temperature sensor is able to read current value of the temperature and returns it to the mother program. 
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 {{:steppercode.jpg?300|}} {{:steppercode.jpg?300|}}
 +
 +Figure 35. Stepper motor code
  
 Similar approach is seen in CloseBlind function but in a reverse direction. In this case blind variable is set to 1, to show, that the blinds are closed.  Similar approach is seen in CloseBlind function but in a reverse direction. In this case blind variable is set to 1, to show, that the blinds are closed. 
 +
 There is part of code in the loop shown below, to exhibit how the device will behave whether what the position of blinds is and what value the temperature achieves. There is part of code in the loop shown below, to exhibit how the device will behave whether what the position of blinds is and what value the temperature achieves.
  
 {{:temperaturecode.jpg|}} {{:temperaturecode.jpg|}}
 +
 +Figure 36. Stepper motor dependance on temperature loop
 +
 +Since, we did not manage to run blinds with the usage of stepper motor, below in Figure 37., main running code is displayed.
 +
 +{{:caly_program_vol1.jpg|}}
 +
 +{{:caly_program_vol2.jpg|}}
 +
 +Figure 37. Main code
 +
 +Program always controls level, whenever the level exceeds 140 mm, the stopOperation function is called causing the green diode to turn on. If it is below 140 mm, the yellow diode is on. Any time the program checks the level value, it also checks temperature. Whenever it exceeds 50˚C, the red diode turns on. 
  
 ==== 6.5. Tests ==== ==== 6.5. Tests ====
  
 Tests have to be implemented to ensure that the product can fulfill our clients’ needs. For our drying process we put a 5 l solution of algae and water in the tank, and at the end we want a 0,5 l concentrated solution. During this process we have to make sure that the temperature of the water doesn’t raise over 50°C. To ensure that it works correctly and the temperature doesn’t go over 50°C, it has to be tested and water put into the tank with a temperature over 50° degrees. In this case the thermometer should give a signal to the micro-controller that it should adjust the blinds and cool down the process. Tests have to be implemented to ensure that the product can fulfill our clients’ needs. For our drying process we put a 5 l solution of algae and water in the tank, and at the end we want a 0,5 l concentrated solution. During this process we have to make sure that the temperature of the water doesn’t raise over 50°C. To ensure that it works correctly and the temperature doesn’t go over 50°C, it has to be tested and water put into the tank with a temperature over 50° degrees. In this case the thermometer should give a signal to the micro-controller that it should adjust the blinds and cool down the process.
 +
 The other test that has to be performed is by the end of the drying process. When the algae are dry enough they should contain less than 10 % of water. This means that at the end of the process we would have a 0,5 l solution left of the 5,0 l. When the process is ready (the solution is 0,5 l) the ultra sound level controller should give a signal to the micro-controller to stop the process, and close the blinds. These are the two main tests that our product needs to fulfill. The other test that has to be performed is by the end of the drying process. When the algae are dry enough they should contain less than 10 % of water. This means that at the end of the process we would have a 0,5 l solution left of the 5,0 l. When the process is ready (the solution is 0,5 l) the ultra sound level controller should give a signal to the micro-controller to stop the process, and close the blinds. These are the two main tests that our product needs to fulfill.
  
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 === 6.5.1.3. Performing the experiment === === 6.5.1.3. Performing the experiment ===
  
-We started with marking scale on the plastic tank. We decided to put the mark each 5mm. Then, we mounted as shown in Figure 30 below the sensor on the ruler on top of the tank in the position vertical to the tank bottom.+We started with marking scale on the plastic tank. We decided to put the mark each 5mm. Then, we mounted as shown in Figure 38 below the sensor on the ruler on top of the tank in the position vertical to the tank bottom.
  
 {{:dsc_0086.jpg?200|}} {{:dsc_0086.jpg?200|}}
  
-Figure 30. Mounting sensor horizontally to the bottom+Figure 38. Mounting sensor horizontally to the bottom
  
 The distance between bottom and ultrasonic sensor, so the height of the containers wall was 12 cm. The Arduino environment was also installed and operating code has been compiled. The distance between bottom and ultrasonic sensor, so the height of the containers wall was 12 cm. The Arduino environment was also installed and operating code has been compiled.
 The measurement started with pouring water till obtaining 5mm on the scale and reading the value read by sensor. Microcontroller program returns the distance read from data given by sensor.  The measurement started with pouring water till obtaining 5mm on the scale and reading the value read by sensor. Microcontroller program returns the distance read from data given by sensor. 
-Afterwards, pouring the water was repeated every 5mm several times till reaching 30 mm. The pouring is presented in Figure 31. +Afterwards, pouring the water was repeated every 5mm several times till reaching 30 mm. The pouring is presented in Figure 39. 
  
 {{:dsc_0087.jpg?200|}} {{:dsc_0087.jpg?200|}}
  
-Figure 31. Pouring water into the container+Figure 39. Pouring water into the container
  
-We tried to conduct the test also with the floating body inside the tank, to check if the sensor reads the distance more accurately shown in Figure 32.+We tried to conduct the test also with the floating body inside the tank, to check if the sensor reads the distance more accurately shown in Figure 40.
  
 {{:dsc_0077.jpg?200|}} {{:dsc_0077.jpg?200|}}
  
-Figure 32. Measurement with floating body inside the container+Figure 40. Measurement with floating body inside the container
  
 === 6.5.1.4. Results === === 6.5.1.4. Results ===
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 {{:figure_33.jpg?300|}} {{:figure_33.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure 33. Charging test at INEB lab+Figure 41. Charging test at INEB lab
  
 After finding out that the algae were negatively charged we could make a charging test in the lab to see if we could attract them to one side of the tank. After finding out that the algae were negatively charged we could make a charging test in the lab to see if we could attract them to one side of the tank.
 +
 At first we tried with two titanium electrodes but it created a current and oxidized, so we had to find another method. Then we built a capacitor, which is two charged plates, one positive and one negative, and between the plates and the algae there is a capacitor, in this case a plastic box.  We charged the plates with a 12 V input and measured the density of the algae every half an hour.  For measuring the density we used a spectrometer that is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum [43]. At first we tried with two titanium electrodes but it created a current and oxidized, so we had to find another method. Then we built a capacitor, which is two charged plates, one positive and one negative, and between the plates and the algae there is a capacitor, in this case a plastic box.  We charged the plates with a 12 V input and measured the density of the algae every half an hour.  For measuring the density we used a spectrometer that is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum [43].
  
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 {{:picturesbelow.jpg|}} {{:picturesbelow.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 34. Charging test+Figure 42. Charging test
  
 {{:alagecontainers.jpg?300|}} {{:alagecontainers.jpg?300|}}
  
-Figure 35. Plastic box with algae in the beginning and end of the charging test+Figure 43. Plastic box with algae in the beginning and end of the charging test
  
 === 6.5.2.1. Results === === 6.5.2.1. Results ===
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 ==== 6.6. Overheating of algae solution ==== ==== 6.6. Overheating of algae solution ====
  
-As already mentioned, one of our major concerns is making sure the algal solution will not exceed 50 ˚C. And why is that? Algal biomass obtained from the process of drying is rich in many various beneficial components, such as among many others: lipids, pigments (carotenoids) or omega 3 acids. Their possible degradation is the reason for not to overheat the microalgae solution. According to Arief Widjaja in “Lipid production from microalgae as a promising candidate for biodiesel production” drying algae in high temperatures has deteriorating effect on lipid content [45]. The research made suggests that the decrease in lipid content may already be seen while drying in 60 ˚C. Even larger drop in lipid content may be noticed while drying in temperatures exceeding 60 ˚C. The gathered data is shown in Figure 36.+As already mentioned, one of our major concerns is making sure the algal solution will not exceed 50 ˚C. And why is that? Algal biomass obtained from the process of drying is rich in many various beneficial components, such as among many others: lipids, pigments (carotenoids) or omega 3 acids. Their possible degradation is the reason for not to overheat the microalgae solution. According to Arief Widjaja in “Lipid production from microalgae as a promising candidate for biodiesel production” drying algae in high temperatures has deteriorating effect on lipid content [45]. The research made suggests that the decrease in lipid content may already be seen while drying in 60 ˚C. Even larger drop in lipid content may be noticed while drying in temperatures exceeding 60 ˚C. The gathered data is shown in Figure 44.
  
 {{:lipids.jpg|}} {{:lipids.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 36. Lipid content at various drying methods [45]+Figure 44. Lipid content at various drying methods [45]
  
 As far as omega 3 fatty acids are concerned, they are easily oxidized when subjected to light, air or high temperatures. All the plants containing this kind of acids (for instance flax seeds) are treated at the temperatures not exceeding 40 ˚C in order not to destroy the natural structure or beneficial properties [44]. As far as omega 3 fatty acids are concerned, they are easily oxidized when subjected to light, air or high temperatures. All the plants containing this kind of acids (for instance flax seeds) are treated at the temperatures not exceeding 40 ˚C in order not to destroy the natural structure or beneficial properties [44].
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 === 6.7.2. Porto climate === === 6.7.2. Porto climate ===
  
-In order to check the possible operation efficiency of our device, we gathered the data concerning predicted weather and atmospheric conditions for the ongoing and next year. The following figures (37, 38) present average heat index in degrees Celsius and solar radiation in watts. The next is the Climate graph for Portugal including average temperature, relative humidity and wet days. +In order to check the possible operation efficiency of the device, we gathered data concerning predicted weather and atmospheric conditions for the on-going year and the next. The following figures (45 and 46) present average heat index (in degrees Celsius) and solar radiation (in Watt). Figure 45. depicts the climate graph for Portugal including average temperature, relative humidity and wet days.
  
 {{:diagrams.jpg|}} {{:diagrams.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 37. Solar radiation and Heat index diagrams [46]+Figure 45. Solar radiation and Heat index diagrams [46]
  
 {{:graph.jpg|}} {{:graph.jpg|}}
  
-Figure 38. Climate graph for Porto [47]+Figure 46. Climate graph for Porto [47]
  
 The presented diagrams and graph make it possible to expect the best distiller performance from April till October. High solar radiation, followed by extensive heat index and significantly higher average temperatures are noted in the mentioned months. Those factors speed up evaporation process. What is more, relative humidity is also at its lowest ratings, which does not contribute to slowing down the whole process.  The presented diagrams and graph make it possible to expect the best distiller performance from April till October. High solar radiation, followed by extensive heat index and significantly higher average temperatures are noted in the mentioned months. Those factors speed up evaporation process. What is more, relative humidity is also at its lowest ratings, which does not contribute to slowing down the whole process. 

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